ONE MORE STEP TOWARD BETTER TOMORROW : CHAPTER 9- CALCULUS AND TRIGONOMETRY

Wednesday, 30 July 2014

CHAPTER 9- CALCULUS AND TRIGONOMETRY

The Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions

$\begin{displaymath}\begin{array}{cc}\sin^\prime x=\cos x&\cos^\prime x=-\cos x\\... ...\prime x=\sec x \tan x&\csc^\prime x=-\csc x \cot x \end{array}\end{displaymath}$

Trigonometric functions are useful in our practical lives in diverse areas such as astronomy, physics, surveying, carpentry etc. How can we find the derivatives of the trigonometric functions?
Our starting point is the following limit:

$\begin{displaymath}\lim_{x \rightarrow 0} \frac{\sin(x)}{x} = 1\cdot\end{displaymath}$

Using the derivative language, this limit means that $\sin'(0) = 1$ . This limit may also be used to give a related one which is of equal importance:

$\begin{displaymath}\lim_{x \rightarrow 0} \frac{\cos(x)-1}{x} = 0\end{displaymath}$

To see why, it is enough to rewrite the expression involving the cosine as

$\begin{displaymath}\frac{\cos(x)-1}{x} = \frac{(\cos(x)-1)(\cos(x) + 1)}{x(\cos(x) + 1)} = \frac{(\cos^2(x)-1)}{x(\cos(x) + 1)}\end{displaymath}$

But $\cos^2(x)-1 = -\sin^2(x)$ , so we have

$\begin{displaymath}\lim_{x \rightarrow 0} \frac{\cos(x)-1}{x} = \lim_{x \rightar... ... \rightarrow 0} x \frac{-\sin^2(x)}{x^2(\cos(x) + 1)} = 0 \cdot\end{displaymath}$

This limit equals $\cos'(0)$ and thus $\cos'(0) = 0$ .

In fact, we may use these limits to find the derivative of $\sin(x)$ and $\cos(x)$ at any point x=a. Indeed, using the addition formula for the sine function, we have

$\begin{displaymath}\sin(a + h) = \sin(a) \cos(h) + \sin(h) \cos(a) \cdot\end{displaymath}$

$\begin{displaymath}\frac{\sin(a + h) - \sin(a)}{h} = \sin(a)\frac{1 - \cos(h)}{h} + \cos(a) \frac{\sin(h)}{h}\end{displaymath}$

which implies

$\begin{displaymath}\lim_{h \rightarrow 0} \frac{\sin(a + h) - \sin(a)}{h} = \cos(a) \cdot\end{displaymath}$

So we have proved that $\sin'(a)$ exists and $\sin'(a) = \cos(a)$ .Similarly, we obtain that $\cos'(a)$ exists and that $\cos'(a) = -\sin(a)$ .
Since $\tan(x)$ , $\cot(x)$ , $\sec(x)$ , and $\csc(x)$ are all quotients of the functions $\sin(x)$ and $\cos(x)$ , we can compute their derivatives with the help of the quotient rule:

$\begin{displaymath}\begin{array}{llll} \displaystyle \frac{d}{dx} (\tan(x)) = \s... ...style \frac{d}{dx} (\csc(x)) = -\csc(x) \cot(x) \\ \end{array}\end{displaymath}$

It is quite interesting to see the close relationship between $\tan(x)$ and $\sec(x)$ (and also between $\cot(x)$ and $\csc(x)$ ).
From the above results we get

$\begin{displaymath}\sin''(x) = - \sin(x)\;\;\mbox{and}\;\; \cos''(x) = - \cos(x)\cdot\end{displaymath}$

These two results are very useful in solving some differential equations.Example 1. Let $f(x) = \sin(2 x)$ . Using the double angle formula for the sine function, we can rewrite

$\begin{displaymath}\sin(2 x) = 2 \sin(x) \cos(x)\cdot\end{displaymath}$

So using the product rule, we get

$\begin{displaymath}\frac{d}{dx}\Big(\sin(2x)\Big) = 2 \Big( \cos(x) \cos(x) - \sin(x) \sin(x) \Big) = 2 \Big( \cos^2(x) - \sin^2(x) \Big)\end{displaymath}$

which implies, using trigonometric identities,

$\begin{displaymath}\frac{d}{dx}\Big(\sin(2x)\Big) = 2 \cos(2x)\cdot\end{displaymath}$

Exercise 1. Find the equations of the tangent line and the normal line to the graph of $f(x) = \sec(x) + \tan(x)$ at the point $\left(\displaystyle \frac{\pi}{4}, f\left(\frac{\pi}{4}\right)\right)$ .
Answer. First we need to find the derivative of f(x) so we can get the slope of the tangent line and the normal line. We have

$\begin{displaymath}f'(x) = \sec(x) \tan(x) + \sec^2(x)\;.\end{displaymath}$

So we have

$\begin{displaymath}f'\left(\frac{\pi}{4}\right) = \sqrt{2} + 2\end{displaymath}$

knowing that $\sec(\pi/4) = \sqrt{2}$ and $\tan(\pi/4) = 1$ . Note that

$\begin{displaymath}f\left(\frac{\pi}{4}\right) = \sqrt{2} + 1\;.\end{displaymath}$

So the equation of the tangent line at the point $(\pi/4, \sqrt{2} + 1)$ is

$\begin{displaymath}y - \sqrt{2} - 1 = (\sqrt{2} + 2) \left(x- \frac{\pi}{4}\right) \;.\end{displaymath}$

the slope of the normal line to the graph at the point $(\pi/4, \sqrt{2} + 1)$ is

$\begin{displaymath}- \frac{1}{\sqrt{2} + 2}\end{displaymath}$

which helps us find the equation of the normal line as

$\begin{displaymath}y - \sqrt{2} - 1 = - \frac{1}{\sqrt{2} + 2} \left(x- \frac{\pi}{4}\right) \;.\end{displaymath}$

Exercise 2. Find the x-coordinates of all points on the graph of $f(x) = x +2\cos(x)$ in the interval $[0,\pi]$ at which the tangent line is horizontal.
Answer. The points (x,f(x)) at which the tangent line is horizontal are the ones for which f'(x) = 0. Let us first find f'(x). We have

$\begin{displaymath}f'(x) = 1 - 2\sin(x)\;.\end{displaymath}$