AREAS AND VOLUMES
In civil engineering works such as designing of long bridges, dams, reservoirs, etc., the area of
catchments of rivers is required. The areas of fields are also required for planning and
management of projects. The area is required for the title documents of land.
In many civil engineering projects, earthwork involves excavation and removal and dumping of
earth, therefore it is required to make good estimates of volumes of earthwork. Volume
computations are also needed to determine the capacity of bins, tanks, and reservoirs, and to
check the stockpiles of coal, gravel, and other material.
Computing areas and volumes is an important part of the office work involved in surveying.
1. AREAS
The method of computation of area depends upon the shape of the boundary of the tract and
accuracy required. The area of the tract of the land is computed from its plan which may be
enclosed by straight, irregular or combination of straight and irregular boundaries.
1.1 Computation of Areas of Regular Figures
When the boundaries are straight the area is determined by subdividing the plan into simple
geometrical figures such as triangles, rectangles, trapezoids, etc. Standard expressions as given
below are available for the areas of straight figures.
(a) Triangle:
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