Wednesday 19 March 2014

Complement of a set

Let us consider a set as
X = {2, 3, 6, 8}
Let us consider its universal set ξ as
ξ = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
Can we find the set of elements in set ξ, which are not in X?
We can find this by taking the difference of X from ξ as
ξ − X = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9} − {2, 3, 6, 8} = {0, 1, 4, 5, 7, 9}
This set (consisting of all the elements ξ, which do not belong to X) is known as the complement of set Xand we denote it by or.
Let X be any set and ξ be its universal set. The complement of set X is the set consisting of all the elements of ξ, which do not belong to X. It is denoted by X′ or Xc (read as complement of set X).
Thus, X′ = {x|xξ and xX} or X′ = ξ−X
For the above sets X and ξ, we may observe that (X) = 4, (ξ) = 10, and n () = 6.
Can we find any relation among them?
We observe that:
n() = n (ξ) − n (X)
This relation holds true for a set, its complement, and a universal set.
The other properties of a set and its complement are as follows.
(a) 
(b) 
(c) 
(d) 
(e) 
(f) If X ⊆ Y then 
Apart from these properties, there are two more properties for two sets A and B. They are:
(a) 
(b) 
These are also known as De Morgan’s laws.
Let us prove the first one.
Let A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {2, 3, 4}, and ξ = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
Now, A  B = {2, 3}
Therefore, (A  B)′ = {1, 4, 5, 6}
Also, A′ = {4, 5, 6} and B′ = {1, 5, 6}
∴ A   B′ = {1, 4, 5, 6}
Clearly, we have
Similarly, we can prove the second one.
Now, how will we represent the complement of a set A with the help of a Venn diagram?
We know that if A is a set and ξis a universal set for the set A, then the complement of the set A is Ac = ξ A.
If we represent the sets ξand A by a Venn diagram, then we can easily represent Ac on it.
For this, we represent the set A by using a circle and ξ by using a rectangle (or a square which is bigger and encloses the circle). Now, the portion outside the set A, but inside the set ξ, represents the set Ac. This can be shown as follows:
Let us look at some examples in order to understand these concepts better.
Example 1:
If A and B are two sets and ξ is their universal set such that , and
(B) = 6, then how many elements are there in the complement of set B?
Solution:
We know that,
We also know that,
Therefore, the complement of set B contains 2 elements.
Example 2:
If A = {x, 1, 2, 3, y}, B = {2, 4, 5, y}, and ξ= {xyz, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}, then show that 
Solution:
Now, Ac = ξ − A = {x, y, z, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} − {x, 1, 2, 3, y}= {z, 4, 5, 6}
Bξ − B = {x, yz, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} − {2, 4, 5, y} = {x, y, 1, 3, 6}
A  B = {x, y, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
(A  B)c = {z, 6}
Now, Ac  Bc = {z, 6}
Clearly, (A ∪ B)c = Ac  Bc
Example 3:
Find the following sets from the adjoining Venn-diagram.
(i) (A ∩ B)c
(ii) Ac
(iii) (A  C)c
(iv) ξ
Solution:
From the given Venn-diagram, we find that 
(i) (A ∩ B){1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 19}
(ii) A= {3, 4, 6, 7, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15}
(iii) (A  C)= {3, 4, 7, 9, 11, 13}
(iv)  ξ = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 19}
Example 4:
Taking the set of first ten natural numbers as the universal set, find the set
(B− A)′ ∩ B′, where A = {1, 2, 4, 9} and B = {2, 5, 7, 9, 8, 10, 1, 3}
Solution:
B − A = {5, 7, 8, 10, 3}
U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
(B − A) ′ = {1, 2, 4, 6, 9}
B′ = {4, 6}
∴ (B− A)′ ∩ B′ = {4, 6}

No comments:

https://www.youtube.com/TarunGehlot